Brijal Oza Assignment: November 2016

The role of English in India is now conducted with new generation and English as a globe in whole the world and pretends to learn and think. English language has been playing an important role in our educational system as well as in our national life since two centuries. We cannot ignore the way that the English language has emerged as a powerful agent for change in India.

India is a multilingual country but the spread and growth of English language is now on the top. Language policy in India has adapted itself to the changing demands and aspirations of people over the periods of time from 1947 to the present. And now, in India we see, English education is now expanding very futile way.

The existence of English in India means that if it is no longer necessary to consider the issue of a national language. In other words, India does not need a national language since there are not functions which a national language might play that are not already fulfilled in some other way.

ELT is curriculum that gives us techniques of this process and how in India it is become fashion and the thing of learning. When SLA (Second Language Acquisition) comes in learners of English, that time we have to discuss the globalization world and one cannot ignore the world of E- learning. TESOL is the base in which English in India is on the trek to call as “Role of English in India” is educated fruitful with it.

In a way an associate official language, English or unknowingly has played an instrumental role in maintaining the diversity of India’s language scene because the existence of English has meant that it has not been necessary to select anyone Indian languages as a national language. English today is almost a compulsory second language. Once deprived sections of the society now perceive the language as an instrument or progress. The recent news of a temple for English language in a village in the Hindi heartland tells the thing.

English is the language that can do people to enable to give stand in the identical aspect of the notion “objective of language teaching” we discuss the functionally determined sub categorization of language into first language, second language, foreign language and also classical language. We then focus on the objectives of teaching English as a second language in India. Here are some terms that come in our way to discuss:

L2 = Second Language

ELCS = English Language Communication Skills

TESOL = Teachers of English to Speakers of other languages

SLA = Second Language Acquisition

English in India today is a symbol of people’s aspirations for quality in education and fuller participation in national and international life. However, the public’s demands are not being met meaningfully. Most schools in the country do not have the facilities and proficient teachers needed to cater to the demand. As mentioned above, meaningful education requires teachers who are skilled and knowledgeable as well as contextualized materials, but an enabling English language environment in the school also needed to be ensured.

The level of introduction of English has now a matter of political response to people’s aspirations, rendering almost irrelevant an academic debate on the contrary, materials development has been commercialized to the extent that India now has thousands of publishers who published English language textbooks.

In India, we classes are also working on English language as it is call as SCOPE class. The objective of teaching language or languages is not simply to make the learners the major language skill but to enable the learners to play their communicative roles effectively and to select language according to the roles they are playing. A well-qualified, energetic and inventive teacher can be a “living” model and act as the best audio visual aid. Learners need to experience appropriate input so that they can become engaged with the language.

The use of English in India is on the basis of social needs of people. There are four distinct functions of English in India. 1) Auxiliary, 2) Supplementary, 3) Complementary, 4) Equitize.

1) Auxiliary Function: English sometimes called a “library language”, is used primarily for acquiring knowledge rather than communication which leads to the promotion of passive bilinguals.

2) Supplementary Function: English is used restricted needs such as daily routine conversations with tourists. Mainly used by unstable bilingual.

3) Complementary Function: English is used along with the mother language in social contexts. This function results in creating stable bilinguals.

4) Equitize Function: English is an alternative language in all domains. Am bilinguals are the users of this function.

The English language has been localized to match the needs and experiences of Indian people which are called Indianization. English plays a significant role in the educational system and national life of Indians.

Now-a-days, during the post-colonial era in India, the face of teaching English has changed, some schools made student speaks in English, while in other schools, and English was taught only as a subject within the curriculum. It is better to have English taught as a subject rather than impose a bas English medium education. Equipping English language education with the essentials in the native medium schools would benefit learning in general and general language learning in particular. But, converting schools to become English medium without proper support would be detrimental and counterproductive. At university as well as post graduate level, English was the medium of instruction and examination.

It is to be noted that English in India is a symbol of linguistic centralism whereas the numerous Indian languages are seem to represent linguistic regionalism. In the concepts of modernization and internationalism were invoked and English became the language of both modernization and internationalism and by implication the Indian languages became associated with ‘tradition’ which by definition was assumed to be anti-modern and backward looking. Once this was taken to be true, the next step in the argument was to define the role and relationship of English vis-à-vis the Indian languages. This need gave birth to “language planning” which was in fact the linguistic analogue of a particular politics. “Language planning” operated with a whole set of lexical weaponry that gradually created a new mythology. Major Indian languages become in this discipline, regional language which has been accorded the status of an official language of the union and some status.

English, the other official language did not suffer from this disability. Its major strength is argued to be the fact that is cannot be identified with anyone region and therefore, English is one ‘pan-India’language that would promote national integration, as regional would.

To further buttress this argument, a whole mythology got built up around the role of English in which the central metaphor is the metaphor of the ‘window’.

· English is the language of knowledge. (science and technology)

· English is the language of liberal, modern thinking.

· English is our window to the world.

· English is the link language.

· English is the library language; English is the language of reason.

· English is the lingua- Franca.

Further, we are going to discuss about teaching techniques and its role in India. Teaching, shifting theoretical inputs, wide disparity of practice in different parts of the country.

Now, if we talk about four skills: Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening is composed of a hierarchy of sub skills what is necessary is to identify the sub-skills that are to be strengthened and expanded in the process of teaching a first language, a second language of foreign language. Again, even for English, one can order the skills in different orders of priority! Should it be “listening – reading – speaking – writing” or “reading – listening – speaking?”

Even when the efforts have been made to delimit the second language objective, one is not convinced by the recommendation because the reasoning behind them it is not very clear.

So, in the conclusion part, we can say that, English can play a vital role as a language of mutual benefitting Indian languages as well as itself – and also enriching education as a whole. And also we can say that through other language the individual level English continues to be “the language of opportunity” and “the language of upward social nobility”.

The role of English in India is vast and it’s become growth of the knocking door in the whole world and we can take examples of writers like Chetan Bhagat, Amish Tripathiand many more who make impact on English writing. But, if we talk about English so as we discussed so many things so our attendance to deal with it topics is clear.

THANK YOU

To evaluate my assignment click here

Paper no.: 11, the Postcolonial Literature

to evaluate my assignment click here

Name: Brijal Oza

Course: M.A. English (Sem-3)

Paper no.: 11, the Postcolonial Literature

Topic: What is Orientalism? Connect with Media representation.

Roll no.: 23

Year: 2015 – 2017

Email ID: brijaloza1994@gmail.com

Submitted to: S.B. Gardi, Department of English

M.K. Bhavnagar University

Before discussing Orientalism and with its related topics, it is necessary to know about Edward Said. So let’s have a look on Edward Said in detail.

About Author:

Edward Said is one of the most shining stars of the postcolonial literature. He was a Palestinian American literary theorist and public intellectual who had found the difficult theory and field of post colonialism. Edward Said is known mainly for his contribution to postcolonial studies on the topic of orientalism – this being a consideration of the many different stereotypes that are present in the representation and understanding of the many Asian communities.

Edward Said has multiple critics. Edward’s text has value, in so far as it examines the relationship between manifest orientalism and its latent, originating ideas about the orient, rather than trying to consolidate the based perception of Orientalism with historical and biological facts. However he notes that it contains a fundamental contradiction in its basic structure.

What is Orientalism?

Orientalism is a way of seeing that imagines, emphasizes exaggerates and distorts differences of Arab people and culture as compared to that of Europe and the U.S. It often involves seeing Arab culture as exotic, backward, uncivilized and at times dangerous.

According to Edward Said:

Orientalism is the acceptance in the west of the basic distinction between east and west as the starting point elaborate theories, epics, novels, social descriptions and political accounts concerning the orient, its people, customs, mind and so on.

Said’s orientalism can be critical tool to examine the validity of all the literature on the east written by the Westerners. Influenced by the imperialism and colonialism of the 19^th century, western people became interested in the natives and the cultures of western colonies. People who supported the Hegelian progressive view of history believed that history is not meaningless chance, but a rational process and transition from the ancient oriental world through classical Greece and roman and the middle ages to the modern German world. These people are supporters of a western centered liner theory of history and culture based on development dialectic. This theory led to the western centered view of non-western cultures as inferior to western cultures. This view was to be criticized Edward Said in his work on Orientalism in the late 20^th century.

According to Edward Said, “Orientalism can be discussed and analyzed as the corporate institution for dealing with the orient- dealing with it by making statements about it, authorizing views of it, describing it, by teaching it, settling it, ruling over it: in short, orientalism as a western style for dominating, restructuring and having authority over the orient.”

It is the way of representing the orient, a discourse that reconstitutes the east using a number of preconception and assumptions, and this discourse helps to reinforce the position of the west as the site of power. Orientalism is from point of view a discourse in Foucault’s sense. It is wide ranging network of texts, images. All of which serve to designate eastern other as a sort of surrogate and even underground self. Said’s definition of Orientalism relies on the argument that the ideas about the orient propagated by Orientalist have concrete and empirical effects. Orientalism is not an airy European fantasy about an Orient, but a created body of theory and practice in which, for many generations there has been a considerable material investment. Orientalist views of the Orient acquire hegemony and serve to prop up myth of European superiority that is largely accepted by the society in which they are propagated.

The main body of Said’s work sifts through multitudes of example of Oriental discourse in political and historical texts, literature and media. Western people produce the knowledge about the orient through literature, paintings and media. They rather eroticized orient in west which is problematic. Even without experience they spread misconception about orient. The way orient middle east is represented is far away from reality. Religion Islam is also represented in negative way as if the chief aim of Islam is to spread terrorism. Arab is stereotyped as gullible as well as cunning, lethargic and dishonest. If Orientalism is conceived as a drive for knowledge of the other, that knowledge is structured by a set of images that serve and classify its object. Islam is a focal point for the orientalist, and it comes to symbolize barbarism, fanaticism and terrorism. The Orientalism seizes on preconception such as there and uses them to define the entire religion and culture that accompanist.

In the final section of Orientalism, Said moves away from literary criticism to both academe and the media. Orientalism is now conceived not just as a discourse prevalent at the particular historical moment of colonial expansion, but as a tradition and doctrine affirming the superiority of west.

Here is the example of movie “Slumdog Millionaire” which is represented stereotyping India.

Slumdog Millionaire is a movie mixed of Indian and foreign talent and English and Hindi dialogue has sparked a debate here over whether it’s an Indian or foreign film. It was based on novel by Indian diplomat Vikas Swarup, directed by Briton Boyle by British screenwriter Simon Beaufoy and acted by Indian and foreigners of Indian descent. The story of an impoverished street child in Mumbai, which has won 10 Oscar nods, is a stereotypical western portrayal that ignores the wealth and progress of India. The best pictures set in Mumbai, are based on Indian novel and features many Indian actors. The sensibility is anything but Indian, some critics argue. They attribute the film’s sweeping international success in large part to its timing and themes that touch a chord with Western audience. The film focused too much on prostitution, crime and organized. Begging rackets- there is still a fascination with seeing how we are perceived by westerners. Some locals have questioned its selective portrait of Mumbai, which ignores middle class as well as other progress. Indians are groaning over what they see as yet another stereotypical foreign depiction of their nation, corruption and impoverished. These views suggested us that, westerners are still looking towards India, in traditional way, as it was during time of colonization. Image of India is still of poverty and even India as a land of snake charmers. The same happens in the movie that they choose only slums of Mumbai. So, from Orientalist point of view – we can conclude that this movie is a stereotypical presentation of India.

Here is another movie which is represented the Orientalism and Occidentalism. In the movie “True Lies”, the main character portrayed as a person who is ruthless killer, someone who has no morals or concern for human life and as a leader that is not really organized or smart. This movie is one of the many movies that show Arab people in a horrible light. This movie feeds the fear that most Americans have about the Arab world. Throughout this movie “True Lies”, there were scenes and depictions of Arabs that would not please anyone of that background. The review talked about two specific scenes and one general them. “True Lies” is a film that did very well in the box office and, also did very well in reinforcing the existing stereotypes that were put in place by the many movies before it.

to evaluate my assignment click here

Paper-10, the american Literature

to evaluate my assignment click here

Name: Brijal Oza

Course: M.A. English (Sem-3)

Paper: 10, the American Literature

Topic: Boundaries and Barriers in Robert Frost’s poetry

Roll no.: 23

Year: 2015 – 2017

Email ID: brijaloza1994@gmail.com

Submitted to: S.B. Gardi, Department of English

M.K. Bhavnagar University

About Robert Frost:

Robert Lee Frost is one of the greatest of American poets. He was born in 26^th March, 1874 and died in 29^th January, 1963. He was known as nature poet, modern poet and lyric poet and also known as regional poet. He was a deeply philosophical poet and finds deeper meaning in the world around him.

He is highly regarded for his realistic depictions of rural life and his command of American Colloquial speech. His work frequently employed settings from rural life in New England in the early 20^th century, using them to examine complex social and philosophical themes. He was awarded the congressional Gold Medal in 1960 for his poetic works. Frost was named poet laureate of Vermont. He was a four time Pulitzer Prize Winner in poetry. He was a popular and often quoted poet.

As a poet, Robert Frost was greatly influenced by the emotions and events of everyday life. He is most famous for being a pastoral poet in terms of the subject of everyday life. His most famous poems are such as –“Mending Wall” and “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy” are inspired by the natural world. Frost continued to write, but he was unsuccessful at publishing his work. In England, Frost achieved his first literary success. The work established Frost as an author and was representative of his lifelong poetic style.

Frost’s poetry reflects how people interact with their environment and through he saw the beauty of nature, he also saw its potential dangers. Frost’s poetry is also significant because of the amount of autobiographical material that it contains. The raw emotion and sense is particularly clear because of his straight forward verse style.

Frost’s poetry is simple and clear. In other words, Frost’s ability to express is such a depth of feeling in each of his poems. Clarity in his poems, Frost is able to explore topics of emotion, struggle and conflict that would be incomprehensible in any other form.

Boundaries and Barriers in Frost’s Poetry:

Frost is a great poet of boundaries and barriers which divide men from and come in the way of communication and so result in lack of understanding and friction. This concern with barriers, barriers which result in alienation and loneliness, is a predominant theme in Frost’s poetry.

Robert Frost has written on almost every subject but alienation and isolation, both emotional and physical are the major themes of his poetry. Man is not only isolated from other man, but Frost pictures him as also alone and solitary is an impersonal and unfeeling environment.

There are four kinds of boundaries and barriers.

1) Natural Barrier

2) Man and Natural World

3) Otherness of Nature

4) Isolation from God

First, there is great naturel barrier, the void, the space, which separate man from the stars. Man foolishly tries to bridge this gap, but all his efforts in this respect are of no avail. In another poem, we find how clever human plans to establish relationship with nature are thwarted

Secondly, there are the barriers, between man and the immediate natural world – the barren and desert places which man must reclaim and cultivate. .He must constantly wages a war against such wilderness, if he is to survive in an environment which seems hostile to him, which at least, is not meant for him and in which he is an alien. The long poem “Snow”, insists on going into the heart of the blizzard when he could remain overnight with his neighbors with no in convenience to them or himself. But he must go and conquer the blizzard, wherever there is failure, where ever the natural world has won out there are always the young who follow the restore where their fathers failed. There are those who accept challenge and go down in defeat. The woman in A SERVANT to servants has in caring for the house while the men are away and the emptiness of the world has overcome her. There is other on the border line of tragic failure. The hill wife, though not out of her mind, still has a fear of her to return to it .When she comes back, she has to reconquering it.

Thirdly, man’s physical existence itself is a barrier which divides man from the soul or spirit of nature. There is no harmony between man and nature but the nature is not on good terms with the human beings. While Wordsworth denied the very existence of barriers between man and nature, for Frost a wide gulf separates man and nature, spirit and matter. In a number of poems, he stresses the otherness and indifference of nature and shows that it is futile to expect any sympathy from the spirit of soul which moves to governs world. Individual man and the forces of nature are two different boundaries which separate them must be respected. The magnificent buck which swims toward him from across the lake is the most of it – all the nature can give. That is shows the completeness of man’s isolation. A minor bird also stresses the active barriers between man and nature.

Fourthly, there are barriers which separate man from man. Such barriers come in the way of social communication and lack of communication leads to social alienation and emotional isolation and loneliness. “Mending Wall” is an ironic comment on those who raise walls between themselves and their neighbors because they think, good fences make good neighbors. In the “Home Burial” there is a grievous lack of communication between the husband and the wife and the mother’s insanity. The shadow of their dead child is the barrier which divides them and alienates them from each other.

Here is one more important barrier which is “Isolation from God”. In this, man’s reason and intellect is the barrier that alienates him from god, his maker. There is a lack belief and that is there is the reason is enemy of belief.

So, at the end, we can say that - Frost believes in “vasudhaiv kutumbkum”-freedom of will but not without giving due respect to others freedom so he said “fences makes good neighbors”. Thus in Frost’s view man is a solitary, a stranger in this world and so he remains up to the end.

to evaluate my assignment click here

Saturday, 19 November 2016

Paper - 9, The Modern Literature

to evaluate my assignment click here

Name: Brijal Oza

Course: M.A. English (Sem-3)

Paper no.: 9, the Modernist Literature

Topic: Eliot’s Use of images in ‘The Wasteland’

Roll no.: 23

Year: 2015-2017

Email ID: brijaloza1994@gmail.com

Submitted to: S.B. Gardi, Department of English

M.K. Bhavnagar University

Introduction:

T.S. Eliot, the greatest modern English poet was an American by birth and an Englishman by adoption.

Thomas Sterns Eliot was born on 26^th September 1888 in St. Louis Missouri. He was known as an essayist, publisher, playwright, literary and social critic and “one of the 20^th century’s major poets”. He became a naturalized British Subject in 1927. As such he had the blending of the best of the American blood and the English intellect. He combined in himself strange and opposing characteristics. He came to possess a many sided personality. He was a classist, an innovator, a critic social reformer and a mystic all combined into one.

He was contribution in literature from 1905 to 1965. He wins the Nobel Prize in literature from the 1948. Eliot more attention for his poem “The Love Song of Alfred Prufrock” in 1915, which is seen as a masterpiece of the modernist movement, and ‘The Love Song of Alfred Prufrock’ was his first work.

He wrote the poem ‘The Wasteland’, while recovering from the exhaustion from 1911 to 1914, he returned back to Harvard where he expanded his knowledge by reading Indian Philosophy and studying Sanskrit. In 1922 another poetic work comes out in shape of ‘The Waste Land’ a complex examination of disillusionment. This work was immediately spread like a virus in all literary corners and it is frequently considered as the most influential work in 20^th century. His major works are: 1) “Ash Wednesday” -1930

2) “Four Quarters” -1945

3) “Use of Criticism” -1933

4) “After Strange Gods” -1934

About The Waste Land:

T.S. Eliot’s ‘The Waste Land’ is by far the most representative poem by the 20^th century. The title of this long epic poem itself suggests the essence of this poem that what is all about.

‘The Waste Land’ means barren land. The word “waste” it means nothing, deserted, something is grow and infertile land and the land here, Eliot talk about the city of London also. In this poem Eliot talk about the western culture, his location and notion by the western culture.

He criticizes sexual perversion, spiritual degradation and dehumanization of western society. He is showing mirror to the world that they are, rather than praising his culture, he attacks the rottenness of his culture. It exposes the very soul of the modern generation with all its horrors moral, spiritual and intellectual bankruptcy, disillusionment and waste.

The poem is archetype way. A poem made of the collage of images. The title ‘The waste Land’ also suggests the image of London. Here, T.S. Eliot also uses the collage of images in this poem. The poem is written as a tribute to Ezra Pound.

The poem ‘The Waste Land’ is difficult to understand because it has effect of fragmented images also this all the poem if not find the clear cut picture of the poem. Eliot wrote not merely to understand the war but he wanted to show spiritual degradation through this poem. The waste Land divided into five parts of the like:

1) A Burial of The Dead

2) A Game of Chase

3) The Fire Sermon

4) Death by Water

5) What the Thunder Said

Use of Images in the Waste Land

In the first part, ‘A Burial of the Dead’ – the poem start from the season which is reflect the images. The season of April, winter, spring reflect the something death or something happens also. The main idea of the poem is ‘life in death and death in life’. Death is considered here as a celebration because now you are free from all things. The poem ‘A Burial of the Dead’ – we can see there are many images like landscape scene, deserted place, rocks, fear in handful dust, no water, heap of broken image also the image of unreal city. The unreal city of London and the crowd that move’s over London Bridge. The unreal city may be any city in the spiritual Waste land. The crowds moving over London Bridge are spiritually dead citizens of the waste land going their daily round of dull routine.

The speaker also talks about a true wasteland of ‘stony rubbish’. He said that man can recognize only heap of broken images. In this, we can also see the image of red rock, which is symbol of Christianity and church of Christian. And the protagonist invites the waste landers to seek shelter from the god by accepting the message of Christ. This is the hope of salvation for them, faith can bring salvation. The poem scene seems to offers salvation shade and a vision of something new and different. In this vision is something connected with handful dust? Here we can find some another images like, image of water. The speaker talks about the water and stone. He symbolizes the water as a metaphor and also the symbol. It means that, who don’t know the power of purity of water. So here, we can say that water is as an archetype image. The key image in the waste land is that Sosostris’s vision of “crowds of people, walking round in a ring”. They walk and walk, but go nowhere. The image of Madame Sosostris, She was a fashionable fortune teller. And when we can see her image, at the central part – we see the image of women and her head connected with the cross which is connected with the Christianity.

The speaker clings to memories that would seem to suggest life in all its vibrancy and wonder. As an image we can see in the poem that summer rain in Munich, coffee in a German park, a girl wearing flowers, this all about the poem’s sensibility.

“A Game of Chase” is the next chapter of the Waste Land. In this poem there are many images use like, image of Xylograph, image of spiritual death and the wind, the image of Philomela. In this poem, chess is also represents the lifeless life, it is quintessential game of the wasteland which is depend on numbers and cold strategies, and also devoid of feeling or human contact. In the poem, interaction is reduced to a set of movements on a checkered board.

In the image of spiritual death and the wind, we can see the wind is represented here as a symbol of change. Another image of Xylographer in lady’s chamber is shows that that lady waits for her lover, her thoughts becomes frantic meaningless cries, her day culminates with plans for a game of chess. The image of Philomela, Here we can see that she is found class of high and low in the poem. In this poem, the things are focusing on two opposing section, one of high society and second is lower classes. The first half of the section portrayed a wealthy, highly groomed woman surrounded by exquisite furnishing also one woman who spending money of his husband and one suffering from money. This is about like Lady Philomela. The image of Nightingale which is inviolable.

In the third part “The Fire Sermon”, Eliot opens this section with the image of a river, wind crossing silently overhead. We can also say that the poem’s title also suggest the image this section is taken from the famous Sermon. Sermon is the image of Lord Buddha in which the world is shown burning with last and passion and hatred and a thousand other evils. Sermon also represents the dangers of lust. The stanza of “Burning burning burning” recalls the Buddha’s Fire Sermon. In another stanza, “O Lord thou pluckest me out, O Lord thou pluckest me burning” – it is also remind one of the confession of St. Augustine wherein he represents the last as a burning cauldron. ‘Tiresias’ is also image which is connected with the story of king Oedipus and Thebes. The autumn leaves have fallen down and the wind moves without any rustle. Autumn is the symbol of death.

Death by Water, in this part Eliot describes a man Phebas the Phoenician who has died apparently by drawing. Water is important in humans’ life because no one can live without water. So, death by water is reflected the image of archetype and the image of tragic water world. Human being we must act and do either evil or good, and it is better to do evil than to do nothing.

The poem ‘What the Thunder Said’ it is entire leads to the ideas of Jesus Christ. We can also say that the waste land poem connected with the Christianity. The image of water and the Jesus was carried away religion. The image of Dead Mountain, it is also reflect the recurring time and again. The idea about the dead of god and god never dies. We can see here that all human being believe in god. So, human cannot believe the death of god so it is conflict between god and human. Here, three images are more important,

Datta = God

Dayadhvam = Human

Damayata = Demons

The word Datta it means given, Dayadhvam connected with human and Damayata is connected with the demon, it means pity-sympathy. At the end the word use ‘Shantih’, it means the peace that passes understanding it a silent and muteness.

So, here we can conclude that these all five poems are not end with hope but end with despire but with a message of hope or the inhabits of the modern land. So, the poems uses various images in the Waste Land.

to evaluate my assignment click here