Monday, 21 November 2016
Sunday, 20 November 2016
Paper 12, ELT -1
Course:
M.A. English (SEM – 3)
Paper
no: 12, English Language Teaching
Topic:
The Role of English in India
Roll
no.: 23
Year:
2015 -2017
Submitted
to: S.B. Gardi, Department of English
M.K. Bhavnagar
University
The Role of English in India
The role of English in India
is now conducted with new generation and English as a globe in whole the world
and pretends to learn and think. English language has been playing an important
role in our educational system as well as in our national life since two
centuries. We cannot ignore the way that the English language has emerged as a
powerful agent for change in India.
India is a multilingual
country but the spread and growth of English language is now on the top.
Language policy in India has adapted itself to the changing demands and
aspirations of people over the periods of time from 1947 to the present. And
now, in India we see, English education is now expanding very futile way.
The existence of English in
India means that if it is no longer necessary to consider the issue of a
national language. In other words, India does not need a national language
since there are not functions which a national language might play that are not
already fulfilled in some other way.
ELT is curriculum that gives us techniques of this
process and how in India it is become fashion and the thing of learning. When
SLA (Second Language Acquisition) comes in learners of English, that time we
have to discuss the globalization world and one cannot ignore the world of E-
learning. TESOL is the base in which English in India is on the trek to call as
“Role of English in India” is educated fruitful
with it.
In a way an associate
official language, English or unknowingly has played an instrumental role in
maintaining the diversity of India’s language scene because the existence of
English has meant that it has not been necessary to select anyone Indian languages
as a national language. English today is almost a compulsory second language.
Once deprived sections of the society now perceive the language as an
instrument or progress. The recent news of a temple for English language in a
village in the Hindi heartland tells the thing.
English is the language that
can do people to enable to give stand in the identical aspect of the notion “objective
of language teaching” we discuss the functionally determined sub categorization
of language into first language, second language, foreign language and also
classical language. We then focus on the objectives of teaching English as a
second language in India. Here are some terms that come in our way to discuss:
L2 = Second
Language
ELCS = English
Language Communication Skills
TESOL = Teachers of
English to Speakers of other languages
SLA = Second
Language Acquisition
English in India today is a
symbol of people’s aspirations for quality in education and fuller
participation in national and international life. However, the public’s demands
are not being met meaningfully. Most schools in the country do not have the
facilities and proficient teachers needed to cater to the demand. As mentioned
above, meaningful education requires teachers who are skilled and knowledgeable
as well as contextualized materials, but an enabling English language
environment in the school also needed to be ensured.
The level of introduction of
English has now a matter of political response to people’s aspirations,
rendering almost irrelevant an academic debate on the contrary, materials
development has been commercialized to the extent that India now has thousands
of publishers who published English language textbooks.
In India, we classes are also
working on English language as it is call as SCOPE class. The objective of teaching
language or languages is not simply to make the learners the major language
skill but to enable the learners to play their communicative roles effectively
and to select language according to the roles they are playing. A
well-qualified, energetic and inventive teacher can be a “living” model and act
as the best audio visual aid. Learners need to experience appropriate input so
that they can become engaged with the language.
The use of English in India
is on the basis of social needs of people. There are four distinct functions of
English in India. 1) Auxiliary, 2) Supplementary, 3) Complementary, 4)
Equitize.
1)
Auxiliary Function:
English sometimes called a “library language”, is used primarily for acquiring
knowledge rather than communication which leads to the promotion of passive
bilinguals.
2)
Supplementary Function:
English is used restricted needs such as daily routine conversations with
tourists. Mainly used by unstable bilingual.
3)
Complementary Function:
English is used along with the mother language in social contexts. This
function results in creating stable bilinguals.
4)
Equitize Function: English is an alternative language in all
domains. Am bilinguals are the users of this function.
The
English language has been localized to match the needs and experiences of
Indian people which are called Indianization. English plays a significant role
in the educational system and national life of Indians.
Now-a-days,
during the post-colonial era in India, the face of teaching English has
changed, some schools made student speaks in English, while in other schools,
and English was taught only as a subject within the curriculum. It is better to
have English taught as a subject rather than impose a bas English medium
education. Equipping English language education with the essentials in the
native medium schools would benefit learning in general and general language
learning in particular. But, converting schools to become English medium
without proper support would be detrimental and counterproductive. At
university as well as post graduate level, English was the medium of
instruction and examination.
It
is to be noted that English in India is a symbol of linguistic centralism
whereas the numerous Indian languages are seem to represent linguistic
regionalism. In the concepts of modernization and internationalism were invoked
and English became the language of both modernization and internationalism and
by implication the Indian languages became associated with ‘tradition’ which by
definition was assumed to be anti-modern and backward looking. Once this was
taken to be true, the next step in the argument was to define the role and
relationship of English vis-à-vis the Indian languages. This need gave birth to
“language planning” which was in fact the linguistic analogue of a particular
politics. “Language planning” operated with a whole set of lexical weaponry
that gradually created a new mythology. Major Indian languages become in this
discipline, regional language which has been accorded the status of an official
language of the union and some status.
English,
the other official language did not suffer from this disability. Its major
strength is argued to be the fact that is cannot be identified with anyone
region and therefore, English is one ‘pan-India’language that would promote national
integration, as regional would.
To
further buttress this argument, a whole mythology got built up around the role
of English in which the central metaphor is the metaphor of the ‘window’.
·
English is the language of knowledge. (science and technology)
·
English is the language of liberal, modern thinking.
·
English is our window to the world.
·
English is the link language.
·
English is the library language; English is the language of reason.
·
English is the lingua- Franca.
Further, we are going to
discuss about teaching techniques and its role in India. Teaching, shifting
theoretical inputs, wide disparity of practice in different parts of the
country.
Now, if we talk about four
skills: Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening is composed of a hierarchy of
sub skills what is necessary is to identify the sub-skills that are to be
strengthened and expanded in the process of teaching a first language, a second
language of foreign language. Again, even for English, one can order the skills
in different orders of priority! Should it be “listening – reading – speaking – writing” or “reading – listening –
speaking?”
Even when the efforts
have been made to delimit the second language objective, one is not convinced
by the recommendation because the reasoning behind them it is not very clear.
So, in the conclusion part, we
can say that, English can play a vital role as a language of mutual benefitting
Indian languages as well as itself – and also enriching education as a whole.
And also we can say that through other language the individual level English
continues to be “the language of opportunity” and “the language of upward
social nobility”.
The role of English in India
is vast and it’s become growth of the knocking door in the whole world and we
can take examples of writers like Chetan Bhagat, Amish Tripathiand many more
who make impact on English writing. But, if we talk about English so as we
discussed so many things so our attendance to deal with it topics is clear.
THANK YOU
Paper no.: 11, the Postcolonial Literature
Name:
Brijal Oza
Course:
M.A. English (Sem-3)
Paper
no.: 11, the Postcolonial Literature
Topic:
What is Orientalism? Connect with Media representation.
Roll
no.: 23
Year:
2015 – 2017
Submitted
to: S.B. Gardi, Department of English
M.K. Bhavnagar
University
Before
discussing Orientalism and with its related topics, it is necessary to know
about Edward Said. So let’s have a look on Edward Said in detail.
About Author:
Edward Said is one of the
most shining stars of the postcolonial literature. He was a Palestinian
American literary theorist and public intellectual who had found the difficult
theory and field of post colonialism. Edward Said is known mainly for his
contribution to postcolonial studies on the topic of orientalism – this being a
consideration of the many different stereotypes that are present in the
representation and understanding of the many Asian communities.
Edward Said has multiple
critics. Edward’s text has value, in so far as it examines the relationship
between manifest orientalism and its latent, originating ideas about the
orient, rather than trying to consolidate the based perception of Orientalism
with historical and biological facts. However he notes that it contains a
fundamental contradiction in its basic structure.
What is Orientalism?
Orientalism
is a way of seeing that imagines, emphasizes exaggerates and distorts
differences of Arab people and culture as compared to that of Europe and the
U.S. It often involves seeing Arab culture as exotic, backward, uncivilized and
at times dangerous.
According to Edward Said:
Orientalism
is the acceptance in the west of the basic distinction between east and west as
the starting point elaborate theories, epics, novels, social descriptions and
political accounts concerning the orient, its people, customs, mind and so on.
Said’s
orientalism can be critical tool to examine the validity of all the literature
on the east written by the Westerners. Influenced by the imperialism and
colonialism of the 19th century, western people became interested in
the natives and the cultures of western colonies. People who supported the
Hegelian progressive view of history believed that history is not meaningless
chance, but a rational process and transition from the ancient oriental world
through classical Greece and roman and the middle ages to the modern German
world. These people are supporters of a western centered liner theory of
history and culture based on development dialectic. This theory led to the
western centered view of non-western cultures as inferior to western cultures.
This view was to be criticized Edward Said in his work on Orientalism in the
late 20th century.
According
to Edward Said, “Orientalism can be discussed and analyzed as the corporate
institution for dealing with the orient- dealing with it by making statements
about it, authorizing views of it, describing it, by teaching it, settling it,
ruling over it: in short, orientalism as a western style for dominating,
restructuring and having authority over the orient.”
It is the way of representing the orient, a
discourse that reconstitutes the east using a number of preconception and
assumptions, and this discourse helps to reinforce the position of the west as
the site of power. Orientalism is from point of view a discourse in Foucault’s
sense. It is wide ranging network of texts, images. All of which serve to
designate eastern other as a sort of surrogate and even underground self.
Said’s definition of Orientalism relies on the argument that the ideas about
the orient propagated by Orientalist have concrete and empirical effects.
Orientalism is not an airy European fantasy about an Orient, but a created body
of theory and practice in which, for many generations there has been a
considerable material investment. Orientalist views of the Orient acquire
hegemony and serve to prop up myth of European superiority that is largely
accepted by the society in which they are propagated.
The
main body of Said’s work sifts through multitudes of example of Oriental
discourse in political and historical texts, literature and media. Western people produce the knowledge about
the orient through literature, paintings and media. They rather eroticized
orient in west which is problematic. Even without experience they spread
misconception about orient. The way orient middle east is represented is far
away from reality. Religion Islam is also represented in negative way as if the
chief aim of Islam is to spread terrorism. Arab is stereotyped as gullible as
well as cunning, lethargic and dishonest. If Orientalism is conceived as a
drive for knowledge of the other, that knowledge is structured by a set of
images that serve and classify its object. Islam is a focal point for the
orientalist, and it comes to symbolize barbarism, fanaticism and terrorism. The
Orientalism seizes on preconception such as there and uses them to define the
entire religion and culture that accompanist.
In
the final section of Orientalism, Said moves away from literary criticism to
both academe and the media. Orientalism is now conceived not just as a
discourse prevalent at the particular historical moment of colonial expansion,
but as a tradition and doctrine affirming the superiority of west.
Here is the example of movie “Slumdog
Millionaire” which is represented stereotyping India.
Slumdog
Millionaire is a movie mixed of Indian and foreign talent and English and Hindi
dialogue has sparked a debate here over whether it’s an Indian or foreign film.
It was based on novel by Indian diplomat Vikas Swarup, directed by Briton Boyle
by British screenwriter Simon Beaufoy and acted by Indian and foreigners of
Indian descent. The story of an impoverished street child in Mumbai, which has
won 10 Oscar nods, is a stereotypical western portrayal that ignores the wealth
and progress of India. The best pictures set in Mumbai, are based on Indian
novel and features many Indian actors. The sensibility is anything but Indian,
some critics argue. They attribute the film’s sweeping international success in
large part to its timing and themes that touch a chord with Western audience.
The film focused too much on prostitution, crime and organized. Begging
rackets- there is still a fascination with seeing how we are perceived by
westerners. Some locals have questioned its selective portrait of Mumbai, which
ignores middle class as well as other progress. Indians are groaning over what
they see as yet another stereotypical foreign depiction of their nation,
corruption and impoverished. These views suggested us that, westerners are
still looking towards India, in traditional way, as it was during time of
colonization. Image of India is still of poverty and even India as a land of
snake charmers. The same happens in the movie that they choose only slums of
Mumbai. So, from Orientalist point of view – we can conclude that this movie is
a stereotypical presentation of India.
Here
is another movie which is represented the Orientalism and Occidentalism. In the
movie “True Lies”, the main character portrayed as a person who is ruthless
killer, someone who has no morals or concern for human life and as a leader
that is not really organized or smart. This movie is one of the many movies
that show Arab people in a horrible light. This movie feeds the fear that most
Americans have about the Arab world. Throughout this movie “True Lies”, there
were scenes and depictions of Arabs that would not please anyone of that
background. The review talked about two specific scenes and one general them.
“True Lies” is a film that did very well in the box office and, also did very
well in reinforcing the existing stereotypes that were put in place by the many
movies before it.
Paper-10, the american Literature
Course:
M.A. English (Sem-3)
Paper:
10, the American Literature
Topic:
Boundaries and Barriers in Robert Frost’s poetry
Roll
no.: 23
Year:
2015 – 2017
Submitted
to: S.B. Gardi, Department of English
M.K. Bhavnagar
University
About Robert Frost:
Robert Lee Frost is one of
the greatest of American poets. He was born in 26th March, 1874 and
died in 29th January, 1963. He was known as nature poet, modern poet
and lyric poet and also known as regional poet. He was a deeply philosophical
poet and finds deeper meaning in the world around him.
He is highly regarded for his
realistic depictions of rural life and his command of American Colloquial
speech. His work frequently employed settings from rural life in New England in
the early 20th century, using them to examine complex social and
philosophical themes. He was awarded the congressional Gold Medal in 1960 for
his poetic works. Frost was named poet laureate of Vermont. He was a four time
Pulitzer Prize Winner in poetry. He was a popular and often quoted poet.
As a poet, Robert Frost was
greatly influenced by the emotions and events of everyday life. He is most
famous for being a pastoral poet in terms of the subject of everyday life. His
most famous poems are such as –“Mending Wall” and “Stopping by Woods on a
Snowy” are inspired by the natural world. Frost continued to write, but he was
unsuccessful at publishing his work. In England, Frost achieved his first
literary success. The work established Frost as an author and was
representative of his lifelong poetic style.
Frost’s poetry reflects how
people interact with their environment and through he saw the beauty of nature,
he also saw its potential dangers. Frost’s poetry is also significant because
of the amount of autobiographical material that it contains. The raw emotion
and sense is particularly clear because of his straight forward verse style.
Frost’s poetry is simple and
clear. In other words, Frost’s ability to express is such a depth of feeling in
each of his poems. Clarity in his poems, Frost is able to explore topics of
emotion, struggle and conflict that would be incomprehensible in any other
form.
Boundaries and Barriers in Frost’s Poetry:
Frost is a great poet of
boundaries and barriers which divide men from and come in the way of
communication and so result in lack of understanding and friction. This concern
with barriers, barriers which result in alienation and loneliness, is a predominant
theme in Frost’s poetry.
Robert Frost has written on
almost every subject but alienation and isolation, both emotional and physical
are the major themes of his poetry. Man is not only isolated from other man,
but Frost pictures him as also alone and solitary is an impersonal and
unfeeling environment.
There are four kinds of
boundaries and barriers.
1) Natural Barrier
2) Man and Natural World
3) Otherness of Nature
4) Isolation from God
First, there is great naturel
barrier, the void, the space, which separate man from the stars. Man foolishly
tries to bridge this gap, but all his efforts in this respect are of no avail.
In another poem, we find how clever human plans to establish relationship with
nature are thwarted
Secondly, there are the barriers,
between man and the immediate natural world – the barren and desert places
which man must reclaim and cultivate. .He
must constantly wages a war against such wilderness, if he is to survive in an
environment which seems hostile to him, which at least, is not meant for him
and in which he is an alien. The long poem “Snow”, insists on going into the
heart of the blizzard when he could remain overnight with his neighbors with no
in convenience to them or himself. But he must go and conquer the blizzard,
wherever there is failure, where ever the natural world has won out there are
always the young who follow the restore where their fathers failed. There are those who accept challenge and go
down in defeat. The woman in A SERVANT to servants has in caring for the house
while the men are away and the emptiness of the world has overcome her. There
is other on the border line of tragic failure. The hill wife, though not out of
her mind, still has a fear of her to return to it .When she comes back, she has
to reconquering it.
Thirdly, man’s physical existence
itself is a barrier which divides man from the soul or spirit of nature. There
is no harmony between man and nature but the nature is not on good terms with
the human beings. While Wordsworth denied the very existence of barriers
between man and nature, for Frost a wide gulf separates man and nature, spirit
and matter. In a number of poems, he stresses the otherness and indifference of
nature and shows that it is futile to expect any sympathy from the spirit of
soul which moves to governs world. Individual man and the forces of nature are
two different boundaries which separate them must be respected. The magnificent
buck which swims toward him from across the lake is the most of it – all the
nature can give. That is shows the completeness of man’s isolation. A minor
bird also stresses the active barriers between man and nature.
Fourthly, there are barriers which
separate man from man. Such barriers come in the way of social communication
and lack of communication leads to social alienation and emotional isolation
and loneliness. “Mending Wall” is an ironic comment on those who raise walls
between themselves and their neighbors because they think, good fences make
good neighbors. In the “Home Burial” there is a grievous lack of communication
between the husband and the wife and the mother’s insanity. The shadow of their
dead child is the barrier which divides them and alienates them from each
other.
Here is one more important barrier
which is “Isolation from God”. In this, man’s reason and intellect is the
barrier that alienates him from god, his maker. There is a lack belief and that
is there is the reason is enemy of belief.
So, at the end, we can say that
- Frost believes in “vasudhaiv kutumbkum”-freedom
of will but not without giving due respect to others freedom so he said “fences
makes good neighbors”. Thus in Frost’s view man is a solitary, a stranger in
this world and so he remains up to the end.
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Saturday, 19 November 2016
Paper - 9, The Modern Literature
Course: M.A.
English (Sem-3)
Paper no.:
9, the Modernist Literature
Topic:
Eliot’s Use of images in ‘The Wasteland’
Roll no.: 23
Year:
2015-2017
Submitted to:
S.B. Gardi, Department of English
M.K. Bhavnagar
University
Introduction:
T.S. Eliot, the greatest modern English poet
was an American by birth and an Englishman by adoption.
Thomas Sterns Eliot was born
on 26th September 1888 in St. Louis Missouri. He was known as an
essayist, publisher, playwright, literary and social critic and “one of the 20th century’s major poets”. He
became a naturalized British Subject in 1927. As such he had the blending of
the best of the American blood and the English intellect. He combined in
himself strange and opposing characteristics. He came to possess a many sided
personality. He was a classist, an innovator, a critic social reformer and a
mystic all combined into one.
He was contribution in
literature from 1905 to 1965. He wins the Nobel Prize in literature from the
1948. Eliot more attention for his poem “The Love Song
of Alfred Prufrock” in 1915, which is seen as a masterpiece of the
modernist movement, and ‘The Love Song of Alfred Prufrock’ was his first work.
He wrote the poem ‘The
Wasteland’, while recovering from the exhaustion from 1911 to 1914, he returned
back to Harvard where he expanded his knowledge by reading Indian Philosophy
and studying Sanskrit. In 1922 another poetic work comes out in shape of ‘The
Waste Land’ a complex examination of disillusionment. This work was immediately
spread like a virus in all literary corners and it is frequently considered as
the most influential work in 20th century. His major works are: 1) “Ash Wednesday” -1930
2) “Four Quarters” -1945
3) “Use of Criticism” -1933
4) “After Strange Gods” -1934
About
The Waste Land:
T.S.
Eliot’s ‘The Waste Land’ is by far the most representative poem by the 20th
century. The title of this long epic poem itself suggests the essence of this
poem that what is all about.
‘The Waste Land’ means barren
land. The word “waste” it means nothing, deserted, something is grow and
infertile land and the land here, Eliot talk about the city of London also. In
this poem Eliot talk about the western culture, his location and notion by the
western culture.
He
criticizes sexual perversion, spiritual degradation and dehumanization of
western society. He is showing mirror to the world that they are, rather than
praising his culture, he attacks the rottenness of his culture. It exposes the
very soul of the modern generation with all its horrors moral, spiritual and
intellectual bankruptcy, disillusionment and waste.
The
poem is archetype way. A poem made of the collage of images. The title ‘The
waste Land’ also suggests the image of London. Here, T.S. Eliot also uses the
collage of images in this poem. The poem is written as a tribute to Ezra Pound.
The
poem ‘The Waste Land’ is difficult to understand because it has effect of
fragmented images also this all the poem if not find the clear cut picture of
the poem. Eliot wrote not merely to understand the war but he wanted to show
spiritual degradation through this poem. The waste Land divided into five parts
of the like:
1)
A Burial of The Dead
2)
A Game of Chase
3)
The Fire Sermon
4)
Death by Water
5)
What the Thunder Said
Use of Images in the Waste Land
In
the first part, ‘A Burial of the Dead’ – the poem start from the season which
is reflect the images. The season of April, winter, spring reflect the
something death or something happens also. The main idea of the poem is ‘life
in death and death in life’. Death is considered here as a celebration because
now you are free from all things. The poem ‘A Burial of the Dead’ – we can see
there are many images like landscape scene, deserted place, rocks, fear in
handful dust, no water, heap of broken image also the image of unreal city. The
unreal city of London and the crowd that move’s over London Bridge. The unreal city
may be any city in the spiritual Waste land. The crowds moving over London
Bridge are spiritually dead citizens of the waste land going their daily round
of dull routine.
The
speaker also talks about a true wasteland of ‘stony rubbish’. He said that man
can recognize only heap of broken images. In this, we can also see the image of
red rock, which is symbol of Christianity and church of Christian. And the
protagonist invites the waste landers to seek shelter from the god by accepting
the message of Christ. This is the hope of salvation for them, faith can bring
salvation. The poem scene seems to offers salvation shade and a vision of
something new and different. In this vision is something connected with handful
dust? Here we can find some another images like, image of water. The speaker
talks about the water and stone. He symbolizes the water as a metaphor and also
the symbol. It means that, who don’t know the power of purity of water. So
here, we can say that water is as an archetype image. The key image in the
waste land is that Sosostris’s vision of “crowds of people, walking round in a
ring”. They walk and walk, but go nowhere. The image of Madame Sosostris, She
was a fashionable fortune teller. And when we can see her image, at the central
part – we see the image of women and her head connected with the cross which is
connected with the Christianity.
The
speaker clings to memories that would seem to suggest life in all its vibrancy
and wonder. As an image we can see in the poem that summer rain in Munich,
coffee in a German park, a girl wearing flowers, this all about the poem’s
sensibility.
“A
Game of Chase” is the next chapter of the Waste Land. In this poem there are
many images use like, image of Xylograph, image of spiritual death and the
wind, the image of Philomela. In this poem, chess is also represents the lifeless
life, it is quintessential game of the wasteland which is depend on numbers and
cold strategies, and also devoid of feeling or human contact. In the poem,
interaction is reduced to a set of movements on a checkered board.
In
the image of spiritual death and the wind, we can see the wind is represented
here as a symbol of change. Another image of Xylographer in lady’s chamber is
shows that that lady waits for her lover, her thoughts becomes frantic
meaningless cries, her day culminates with plans for a game of chess. The image
of Philomela, Here we can see that she is found class of high and low in the
poem. In this poem, the things are focusing on two opposing section, one of
high society and second is lower classes. The first half of the section
portrayed a wealthy, highly groomed woman surrounded by exquisite furnishing
also one woman who spending money of his husband and one suffering from money.
This is about like Lady Philomela. The image of Nightingale which is
inviolable.
In
the third part “The Fire Sermon”, Eliot opens this section with the image of a
river, wind crossing silently overhead. We can also say that the poem’s title
also suggest the image this section is taken from the famous Sermon. Sermon is
the image of Lord Buddha in which the world is shown burning with last and
passion and hatred and a thousand other evils. Sermon also represents the
dangers of lust. The stanza of “Burning burning burning” recalls the Buddha’s
Fire Sermon. In another stanza, “O Lord thou pluckest me out, O Lord thou
pluckest me burning” – it is also remind one of the confession of St. Augustine
wherein he represents the last as a burning cauldron. ‘Tiresias’ is also image
which is connected with the story of king Oedipus and Thebes. The autumn leaves have fallen down and the
wind moves without any rustle. Autumn is the symbol of death.
Death
by Water, in this part Eliot describes a man Phebas the Phoenician who has died
apparently by drawing. Water is important in humans’ life because no one can
live without water. So, death by water is reflected the image of archetype and the
image of tragic water world. Human being we must act and do either evil or
good, and it is better to do evil than to do nothing.
The
poem ‘What the Thunder Said’ it is entire leads to the ideas of Jesus Christ.
We can also say that the waste land poem connected with the Christianity. The
image of water and the Jesus was carried away religion. The image of Dead
Mountain, it is also reflect the recurring time and again. The idea about the
dead of god and god never dies. We can see here that all human being believe in
god. So, human cannot believe the death of god so it is conflict between god
and human. Here, three images are more important,
Datta = God
Dayadhvam = Human
Damayata = Demons
The word Datta it means given, Dayadhvam connected with
human and Damayata is connected with the demon, it means pity-sympathy. At the
end the word use ‘Shantih’, it means the peace that passes understanding it a
silent and muteness.
So,
here we can conclude that these all five poems are not end with hope but end
with despire but with a message of hope or the inhabits of the modern land. So,
the poems uses various images in the Waste Land.
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Saturday, 2 April 2016
Friday, 1 April 2016
Monday, 28 March 2016
PAPER 8, Cultural studies
Course: M.A.
English (SEM – 2)
Paper no.:
8, cultural studies
Topic:
circuit of culture
Roll no.: 23
Year: 2015 –
2017
Submitted
to: S.B. Gardi, Department of English
M.K. Bhavnagar
University
Circuit of Culture
vIntroduction of Cultural
studies:
Cultural
studies is the science of understanding modern society, with an emphasis on
politics and power cultural studies is an umbrella term used to look at a
number of different subject. As far as cultural study is concerned, it broader
meaning because we see from various perspective them an individual can know
what actually in lies in the meaning.
Generally,
it means way of living life or it can also be said that the life style of
people and Matthew Arnold also quote about culture study “it is a march towards
perfection. Cultural studies is an innovative interdisciplinary field of
research and teaching that investigate the ways in which “culture” creates and
transforms individual experiences, everyday life, social relations and power.
Cultures understood as distinctive ways of life. Cultural studies draws on
methods and theories from literary studies, sociology, communications studies,
history, cultural anthropology and economics. By working across the boundaries
among these fields, cultural studies addressed new questions and problems of
today world.
vCircuit of Culture:
The
circuit of culture is a theory or framework used in the area of cultural
studies. A sophisticated analysis of cultural artifacts requires a close
examination of five basic elements, which together constitute what Paul du Gay
et al have called ‘the circuit of culture’ (1997). These elements are:
·
Representation
·
Identity
·
Production
·
Consumption
·
Regulation
What these elements present is a process through which
every cultural artifact, object or event must pass. The elements work in
tandem, and are closely linked with each other, a process that has been called
“articulation”.
In
order to illustrate the ‘circuit of culture’ we need to use a concrete example.
Ø Representation:
Television is a part of modern culture in now-a-days. We
depend on TV for entertainment, communication, education, news, culture,
information, sports and even music.
What
does the television represent and how it is represented? The answers to these
related questions are basically means to discuss the centrality of
representation in a culture. Television represents: communication, information
and entertainment. Most television ads work with these aspects, with more
features and facilities. In this crowded television environment, the key is to
provide young children with a guided viewing experience and to model and teach
them the critical thinking skills they need to be active, engaged viewers.
Because of its ability to create powerful touchstone, television young people
to share culture experiences with others.
By
the representation of television, there are lots of benefits like, television
can teach important values and life lessons, and educational programming can
develop youngsters’ socialization and learning skills. By the representation of
television, it can help to develop critical thinking about society and the
world and also cultural programming can open up the world of art for young
people.
Another example is “Mobile”. Mobile phones you can find
everywhere even in remote area of our country. What mobile represent and how it
is represent its concept, system and also we can see that mobile provides people
information, entertainment, and also communication and for that all the
companies work with these aspects and many more features.
Ø Identity:
In the identity, there are many questions in our mind,
like, what kind of identity does television project? What are the references
between state television programs? What kind of age group is targeted in
particular kinds of emotional materials?
As we can see the series of
questions, posed above are about cultural and public contexts where identities
are linked to images screen. Identity is given importance in television serials
and family, young professionals, business culture. Identity dives the tone of programs
that try to give representation and space the marginalized. Cultural studies is
interested in the ideologies that identity projections.
In the mobile, all the
companies’ advertisements youth and professionals are given more importance. So
here we can say that, the projected and targeted identities of the companies
are students, youth and businessman. It was the time when to have mobile is
identity of intellectuals, rich, educated and this is same in present time
also. Now a days, it becomes trend to have smartphones for youth and it is also
becomes an object of showing richness. Steve Jobs says, “The phone was not just
communication tool, but away of life.”
Ø Production:
In television production programs, there are various
forms of media technologies and methods for creating. The theme of production
can be phrased as a series of pointed questions:
Look at the major television
manufactures. What are the policies in these companies? How is recruitment
done? What are policies are in place for workers? How much profit does company
make?
These all questions show
that in television production is very important feature because it shows us the
marketing and growth of production. By television, production companies make
them profit at high level by showing various shows, ads etc. and for that way
they introduce their products. Above questions are also same for the mobile
features because recruitment in mobile phone companies are done by company
interviews and placement, most of the companies have fire and hire
policies.
Ø Regulation:
Consider the union government’s ban on fashion TV, ostensibly
because it offends Indian cultural sentiments. What does the government do with
regard to either production or consumption? What is the role of the censor
board or the information and broadcasting ministry in television sales,
production, programs?
This circuit of culture is the most thorough examination
of any cultural artifact. The circuit of culture includes within it several
smaller companies and modes of analysis. Cultural studies today, in most
academies across the world, adopt certain key areas and methods to understand
the modes of meaning production. These are: language, discourse
, identity, everyday life,
ethnography, media studies, cultural intermediaries.
Language and meaning are connected to issues of class,
power, ideology and the material conditions in which the speaking or
interpretations occurs. All expression and use of language are situated in a
context. This context is discourse. This is discourse is the context in which a
culture’s communication, meaning production and interpretation occur. It is the
terrain of thought and expression.
The identity of a person is for, cultural studies.
Dependent upon the roles played by that person, the signs that designate the
person. Identity is constituted through experience, and representation is a
significant part of experience.
In the regulation, here I
want to give one example regarding mobile that as government of India banned
selling of Xiaomai mobiles in December, 2014 as it has duplicated and fake
unique id. So there is committee to handle all these matters and it has its own
policies and with these it has import and exports the policies.
Ø Conclusion:
The ‘circuit of culture’ is perhaps the most thorough
examination of any cultural artifact. As we can see it covers a range of issues
and themes – from the question of media representation to the construction of
identities in a culture. Now a day’s televisions and mobiles have passed
through this examination and it becomes a part of culture. The ‘circuit of
culture’ includes within it several smaller components and modes of analysis.
“Primarily culture is
connected with the production and exchange of meanings between the members of
society of group. click here to evaluate my assignment
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